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An uncommon vascular anomaly known as an arteriovenous malformation (AVM) is characterized by a tangle of anomalous blood vessels that connect arteries and veins. Although they can develop in many areas of the body, AVMs are most frequently discovered in the brain and spinal cord. They cause abnormal blood flow and can cause headaches, seizures, and neurological impairments, among other symptoms. Diagnosis and management of AVMs are vital because they might stay asymptomatic or result in potentially fatal consequences. Radiation therapy, surgery, or embolization are among the available treatment options to lessen symptoms and lower the risk of bleeding.
Headaches: Severe headaches that occur frequently could be the initial indication of an AVM.
Seizures: AVMs can cause seizures, frequently in people who have never had epilepsy
Neurological Deficits: These can involve numbness, weakness, or trouble coordinating.
Issues with Speech or Vision: If the AVM impacts particular brain regions, it may result in changes to speech or vision.
Bleeding: An acute, severe headache, unconsciousness, or neurological impairments can all be signs of an AVM rupture.
Migraines: One symptom that some people notice is recurrent migraines.
Congenital Factors: AVMs can arise from aberrant blood vessel development in the fetus and are frequently present at birth. In most situations, this congenital component is assumed to be the main culprit.
Genetic Factors: There is some evidence to suggest that genetics will play a role in the development of AVMs. Hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) is one genetic disease linked to an increased chance of developing AVMs, even though AVMs themselves are not usually inherited.
Sporadic Mutations: AVMs can occasionally arise from sporadic genetic mutations that happen to an individual during their lifespan as opposed to hereditary mutations. The regular growth and upkeep of blood vessels may be interfered with by these alterations.
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AVMs can cause a variety of symptoms, such as headaches, seizures, neurological deficits, and, in extreme cases, bleeding in the brain.
Depending on the location, size, and symptoms of the AVM, treatment options may include endovascular embolization, stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS), and open surgical resection.
Depending on the AVM's location, size, and symptoms, some small, asymptomatic AVMs may be monitored rather than treated.
AVMs usually form before birth and cannot be prevented. Genetic counselling will be considered for people with a family history of AVMs or related conditions.
A multidisciplinary team which including neurosurgeons, interventional radiologists and neurologists are involved in the evaluation and treatment for AVM
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